Standards & methods

The standards behind
credible reporting.

What each one is for, where it applies, and how we help you use it.

Which standards apply to you?

Start with who is asking. Each reader needs different information, so the standards follow the reader.

If you are…	Start with	First step
Regulation
Listed in Pakistan	IFRS S1 and S2, phased in by size under SECP’s Order. IFRS S2 expects your emissions to be measured under the GHG Protocol.	Confirm your phase and your first reporting period under the Order. Read our view
In scope of California’s SB 253	Scope 1 and 2 emissions measured under the GHG Protocol, with independent assurance.	Ask counsel to confirm coverage, starting from your legal entities, revenue and California activity. Read our view
Investors and finance
A bank or other lender	PCAF for financed emissions, and IFRS S1 and S2 if you are listed.	Map your loans and investments by sector, starting with the most carbon-intensive.
Asked by investors for industry metrics	The SASB Standards for your industry, which also feed IFRS S2.	Identify your SASB industry and compare its metrics with what investors already ask you for.
Already reporting under TCFD	IFRS S1 and S2, which fully incorporate the TCFD recommendations.	Map your current TCFD disclosures to IFRS S2 and list the gaps.
Customers and supply chains
Asked by a customer for your emissions	The GHG Protocol: Scope 1 and 2 first, then the Scope 3 categories that matter to the customer.	Agree what the number should cover (your company, a site or a product) before collecting bills. Read our view
Asked for data by a customer or parent company that reports in the EU	The ESRS, the EU’s standards, which look at both your impacts on people and the environment and your sustainability-related financial risks and opportunities.	Ask which disclosures the request supports, and confirm the ESRS edition for the reporting period. Read our view
A wider audience
Reporting your impacts to a wide audience	The GRI Standards.	Start with a materiality assessment brief: your readers, boundary and time horizons. Read our view

Source California Health and Safety Code (SB 253, as amended in 2025)

As of November 10, 2026. General information, not legal advice. We are not a law firm.

Most companies answer more than one reader.

The work overlaps more than this list suggests. IFRS S2 expects emissions measured under the GHG Protocol, and the SASB Standards feed IFRS S2. GRI and the IFRS Foundation note that their disclosure requirements overlap, and that the same information can serve both. Built once, with the evidence attached, one emissions inventory can serve several reports.

Source GRI and IFRS Foundation, joint statement, May 26, 2026

Not sure which standards apply to you? That is usually the first question we answer together.

Talk to us

Issued by the ISSB

IFRS S1 and S2

Issued by the International Sustainability Standards Board in June 2023. IFRS S1 sets general requirements for sustainability-related financial disclosures; IFRS S2 covers climate. In Pakistan, SECP has adopted them for listed companies in phases from July 1, 2025.

How we help

Gap assessment, disclosure drafting and the link to your financial statements.

GRI Standards

Global standards for reporting an organization’s most significant impacts on the economy, the environment and people, including impacts on human rights.

How we help

Materiality assessment and a sustainability report with a GRI content index.

SASB Standards

Industry-based standards for disclosing sustainability-related risks and opportunities that are useful to investors. The IFRS Foundation took them over in August 2022, and the ISSB now maintains them.

How we help

Choosing the metrics for your industry, and answering investor questionnaires.

European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS)

The EU’s ESRS structure sustainability information around a company’s material impacts on people and the environment, and its sustainability-related financial risks and opportunities. These two perspectives form double materiality. The revised ESRS are in force since November 10, 2026, for financial years beginning on or after January 1, 2027. Confirm the applicable reporting rules and edition before choosing the disclosures for your report.

How we help

We start with who will read your report and what they need. We help you assess impacts, risks and opportunities, document the materiality decisions, and connect the relevant disclosures to owners and evidence. Where you already report using other standards, we identify information that can be reused and gaps that need further work.

TCFD recommendations

The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures completed its work in 2023 and disbanded in October 2023. Its recommendations are fully incorporated into IFRS S1 and S2.

How we help

Moving an existing TCFD-based report onto IFRS S2.

GHG Protocol

Standards for corporate greenhouse gas inventories, covering Scope 1 (direct emissions), Scope 2 (purchased energy) and Scope 3 (other value-chain emissions).

How we help

Inventories with clear boundaries, documented factors and a full calculation trail.

PCAF

A global standard for measuring and reporting the greenhouse gas emissions linked to loans and investments.

How we help

Financed emissions for banks and investors, starting with the most carbon-intensive sectors.

Have a deadline or a request in front of you?

Tell us what you need to report, for whom and by when. We will tell you plainly what it takes.

Talk to us

The standards behindcredible reporting.

Which standards apply to you?

Most companies answer more than one reader.

IFRS S1 and S2

GRI Standards

SASB Standards

European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS)

TCFD recommendations

GHG Protocol

PCAF

Have a deadline or a request in front of you?

The standards behind
credible reporting.